GIFT  OF 


lat  is  the  State's  Duty  to  its 
rtunate    Children? 


WALTER    LINDLEY,   M.    D. 

Superintendent  of  the   Whittier  State  School. 

=__= 


PUBLISHED  BY  GEO.  T.  GADEN, 

SAN   FRANCISCO. 
1894, 


What  is  the  State's  Duty  to  its 
Unfortunate    Children? 


An  Address  read  before  the  Congress  of 
Religions  at  Golden  Gate  Hall,  San  Francisco, 
April  21,  1894. 


Committee  in  Charge 

REV.  A.  C.  HIRST,  D.  D.,  Chairman 

GEO.  T.  GADEN,  (819  Market  Street),  Secretary 

DR.  J,  A.  ANDERSON  REV.  C.  L.  MIEL 

D.  GILBERT  DEXTER  REV.  J.  K.  MCLEAN,  D.  D. 

REV.  J.W.  DINSMORE,  D.  D.  CHAS.  A.  MURDOCH 

REV.  THOS.  FILBEN  REV.  HORATIO  STEBBINS,  D.  D. 

REV.  J.  Q.  A.  HENRY  REV.  JACOB  VOORSANGER,  D.  D. 

REV.  R.  R.  LLOYD,  D.  D.  REV.  W.  D.  WILLIAMS,  D.  D. 


WHAT  IS  THE  STATE'S  DUTY  TO  ITS 
UNFORTUNATE   CHILDREN? 

This  gigantic  problem  looms  up  ominously  before  us. 
The  American  mind  is  active  and  full  of  resources.  Our 
educators  tell  us  of  a  new  education,  and  of  the  laboratory 
plan  of  teaching  history  and  the  natural  sciences,  but 
crime  stalks  onward  with  giant  strides  ;  new  religions  are 
launched  upon  us,  the  Salvation  Army  invades  the  slums, 
but  crimes  and  criminals  still  increase  in  a  far  greater 
ratio  than  the  increase  of  population.  Temperance 
movements,  moral  revolutions  and  nineteenth  century 
Savanarolas  all  seem  impotent  to  stay  in  the  least  the 
mighty  tide  of  crime  that  is  sweeping  forward  with  un- 
relenting certainty  over  this  great  republic.  Whether 
we  look  toward  the  poor  Indian  who  falls  dead  while 
playing  poker  in  a  Los  Angeles  jail,  or  toward  the  Yale 
or  Princeton  student,  who  is  seen  in  bacchanalian  orgies 
that  equal  those  of  the  noble  debauchees  of  ancient 
Rome — in  whatever  direction  we  look  the  hideous  form 
of  crime  is  seen  making  its  slimy  trail. 

There  is  one  thing  apparent  to  all.  and  that  is  that  the 
right  remedy  has  not  yet  been  efficiently  applied.  It  is 
not  through  lack  of  use  of  money,  because  in  California 
we  are  paying  out  annually  for  schools,  prisons  and 
asylums,  over  $12,500.000.  There  must  then  be  some- 
thing fundamentally  wrong  in  our  educational  and  penal 
systems.  The  public  school  system  of  the  United  States 
is  the  corner  stone  of  this  republic.  Education  !  educa- 
tion !  education  !  is  the  watchword  of  the  hour.  With- 
out free  and  universal  education  hope  vanishes.  Then 
we  reach  this  point — the  theory  is  right,  the  application 
faulty. 

What  should  be  the  object  of  public  education  ?  The 
object  of  education  at  the  public  expense  should  be  the 


practical  equipment  of  our  youth  for  the  great  struggle  of 
life.  Is  our  present  system  doing  this?  Over  ten  million 
dollars  are  being  spent  annually  in  California  on  her 
schools,  and  how  many  of  our  boys  and  girls  are  being 
prepared  to  cope  with  the  question  of  earning  their  daily 
bread  ?  It  is  wonderful  how  large  a  proportion  of  our 
California  boys  and  girls  have  a  good  public  school  educa- 
tion, but  it  is  appalling  to  see  the  immense  number  of 
them  who  can  find  nothing  to  do  because  they  have  not 
been  taught  how  to  do  an)  thing. 

You  and  I  propose  to  defend  this  public  school  system 
against  its  most  insidious  foes1 — yes,  defend  it  with  our 
life  blood,  if  necessary  !  Let  us  then  fortify  our  position 
by  disencumbering  this  system  of  superfluities  and 
making  it  invulnerable.  Industry  and  probity,  like  idle- 
ness and  crime,  are  synonymous  terms ;  then  let  us  make 
our  public  schools  hives  of  physical  as  well  as  mental 
industry. 

The  State  of  Catifornia  is  spending  its  millions,  yet  to- 
day, out  of  nearly  250,000  children  who  are  attending 
our  schools,  not  one  hundred  are  being  taught  practical 
avocations  by  which  they  can  make  a  living.  Even  those 
schools  that  have  been  progressive  enough  to  add  manual 
training  to  their  system,  boast  that  they  do  not  teach 
trades.  The  spirit  imbibed  in  our  public  schools  to-day 
is  an  antipathy  to  trades  and  a  feeling  of  commiseration 
for  the  man  who  carries  a  dinner  pail. 

To  give  you  an  idea  of  the  few  Americans  who  are  learn- 
ing trades,  three  years  ago  it  was  advertised  in  San  Fran- 
cisco, and  elsewhere,  that  a  man  to  teach  cutting  and  tailor- 
ing, salary  $100  per  month  and  board,  was  wanted.  Only 
one  man  applied,  and  he  was  a  Scandinavian,  who  proved 
unsatisfactory.  Again  the  effort  was  made,  and  this  time 
the  only  one  who  applied  was  a  Russian  Jew,  who  did 
not  hold  the  position  long,  and  again  the  word  went 
forth  that  the  position  was  vacant,  and  this  time  the  only 
one  who  applied  was  a  man  who,  though  very  efficient, 
was  a  native  of  Greece.  Out  of  $23,000,000  paid  an- 
nually to  mechanics  in  the  building  trades  in  New  York 


city  less  ihan  six  millions  goes  to  those  who  are  American 
born.  In  other  words,  $17,000,000  of  that  American 
money  goes  to  foreigners,  and  yet  3,000,000  Americans 
are  walking  our  streets  to-day  vainly  asking  for  work. 

Oh,  no,  it  is  un-American  to  learn  trades.  The  boys 
who  are  to  fill  the  vacancies  that  will  occur  during  the 
next  decade  in  the  great  army  of  skilled  mechanics  in  the 
United  States  are  receiving  their  training  in  France,  Italy, 
England  and  Germany,  and  they  a:e  the  sons  of  French, 
Italian,  English  and  German  parents.  The  son  of  the 
average  American,  after  getting  a  common  school  educa- 
tion, learns  to  draw  some,  sing  a  little,  and  may  reach 
the  high  school  and  get  a  smattering  of  Latin  ;  the  son  of 
the  Emperor  of  Germany  learns  a  trade. 

All  experience  goes  to  prove  that  the  boy  who  devotes 
a  part  of  each  day  to  physical  labor  makes  a  better  stu- 
dent than  he  who  devotes  all  the  time  to  intellectual  labor, 
varied  only  by  athletic  sports.  Three  hours  a  day  is  as 
long  as  any  child  should  be  in  the  school  room.  The 
same  number  of  hours  should  be  devoled  to  physical 
labor.  Divert  some  of  the  money  that  is  being  spent  in 
school  room  education  to  training  in  physical  labor.  A 
system  could  be  developed  by  which  the  product  of  these 
shops  could  be  sold,  where  they  were  articles  not  needed 
in  the  schools,  and  in  time  the  expense  would  be  com- 
paratively small.  In  the  village  or  country  school  dis- 
trict, it  would  be  very  easy  to  make  an  arrangement  with 
an  intelligent  farmer  and  orchardist  to  have  all  of  the 
school  come  and  receive  two  hours  daily  practical  instruc- 
tion in  soils,  fertilizers,  varieties  of  fruit  trees,  and  their 
enemies.  Every  boy  in  this  district  school,  and  every 
girl,  too,  if  you  please,  should  learn  to  plant,  bud, 
transplant  and  prune.  The  wife  of  this  instructor  in 
farming  should  be  able  to  teach  sewing  and  housekeep- 
ing, and  the  girls,  yes  and  the  boys,  should  be  systematic- 
ally taught  cooking,  that  art  in  which  the  American  is  so 
notoriously  deficient. 

We  all  enjoy  music,  but  along  with  the  beautiful  melo- 
dies of  the  piano  let  us  teach  our  American  boys  the 


6 

music  of  the  hammer  and  the  saw,  for  it  was  under  that 
influence  our  Savior  was  developed  into  the  highest  no- 
bility of  character  the  world  has  ever  known  ;  we  are  in- 
spired by  the  grand,  sonorous  tones  of  the  organ,  but 
there  is  something  far  more  inspiriting  in  the  swinging 
ring  of  the  anvil  as  the  young  man  welds  the  iron  and 
shapes  the  molten  piece  into  some  article  of  practical 
utility ;  the  violin  is  the  prince  of  musical  instruments, 
and  Ole  Bull  was  the  king  of  violinists,  but  there  is  far 
more  grandeur  in  the  life  of  Henry  Wilson,  who  received 
his  inspiration  from  the  music  that  came  from  the  shoe- 
maker's bench. 

Allow  that  a  modification  of  our  school  aystem  is  needed, 
who  will  act  ?  The  teacher  cannot  do  it ;  she  is  simply 
one  little  but  most  necessary  cog  wheel  in  a  great  piece 
of  machinery,  and  any  divergence  on  her  part  would 
throw  everything  out  of  gear;  the  principal  cannot  do  it, 
ior  he  must  bow  submissively  to  the  superintendent;  the 
superintendent  cannot  do  it,  for  he  must  bend  the  knee  to 
a  board  of  education  usually  controlled  by  ward  politi- 
cians; the  board  of  education  cannot  do  it,  because  you 
elected  them  to  their  positions,  knowing  that  the  best  you 
could  possibly  expect  of  them  would  be  that  they  woi  Id 
conduct  the  schools  respectably  well,  according  to  existing 
methods.  Oh,  no,  you  cannot  place  this  crime  against 
our  American  youth  on  any  official's  shoulders.  You,  the 
intelligent  voters  and  tax  payeis,  are  the  responsible 
parties. 

This  passing  glance  at  the  way  we  are  not  giving  our 
children  an  education.  Let  us  cast  our  eyes  for  a  few 
minutes  towards  our  penal  system.  Here  darkness  reigns 
unchallenged.  What  is  the  object  of  depriving  a  criminal 
of  his  liberty  ?  It  should  be  two-fold — to  protect  society 
and  reform  the  individual.  The  old  ecclesiastical  idea  of 
avenging  or  revenging  crime  is  barbarous.  We  may  not 
be  able  to  eliminate  this  notion  from  all  our  creeds,  but 
for  humanity's  sake  let  us  wipe  it  out  of  our  codes.  Crime 
is  its  own  avenger.  Is  the  penal  system  of  California 
protecting  society  or  reforming  the  individual  ? 


What  do  we  do  for  our  prisoners  in  our  penitentiaries  ? 
We  put  on,  first,  the  striped  livery  of  degradation;  seven 
hundred  young  men  in  California  are  wearing  this  livery 
today  by  your  orders — fourteen  hundred  older  men  are 
also  encased  in  this  exterminator  of  hope.  Then,  after 
putting  this  }oung  man  in  these  clothes,  he  is  sent  in  to 
take  lessons  of  the  m^st  expert  criminals  the  world  has 
ever  known.  He  is  thoroughly  trained  in  the  nv  st  horri- 
ble sexual  perversities,  in  the  best  methods  of  garroting 
men,  in  the  use  of  opium,  in  stealing  horses,  in  opening 
safes,  waylaying  stages,  the  use  of  vile  language — he  is 
initiated  in  the  free  masonry  of  crime.  Signs,  pass- words, 
grips  and  a  special  vernacular,  are  part  of  the  education 
this  young  man  receives  at  the  expense  of  the  State. 
With  tears  in  their  eyes  young  men  beg  to  be  allowed  to 
work  at  trades  or  avocations  that  will  p  epare  them  to 
stand  erect  and  be  men  among  men  when  they  leave  the 
prison,  but  with  a  practical  curse  the  State  hurls  them  to 
enforced  idleness  or  sends  them  to  work  in  a  jute  mill. 
Why  put  a  man  1o  work  in  a  jute  mill  ?  Because  that  is 
the  only  kind  of  work  the  State  could  think  of  at  which  a 
man  would  find  it  absolutely  impossible  to  get  employ- 
ment after  leaving  the  prison.  The  deliberate  object  of 
California  is  to  unfit  its  criminals  for  honorable  self  sup. 
.port.  Thus  we  drive  the  cold  steel  of  oppression  up  to 
the  hilt  into  the  life  of  our  fellow  man,  and  as  like  begets 
like  we  develop  within  him  a  hatred  for  society,  a  detesta- 
tion for  law  and  order,  and  a  fixed  determination  for  re- 
venge that  only  death  will  conquer. 

Ye«,  but  we  have  by  no  means  yet  revealed  the  far- 
reaching  effects  of  the  plan  that  the  State  has  so  carefully 
prepared.  If  it  were  only  the  money  this  young  man 
himself  would  steal,  the  murders  he  would  commit,  the 
houses  he  would  burn  after  leaving  the  prison,  it  would  be 
a  small  matter  comparatively;  but  no,  remember,  please, 
that  in  your  penitentiaries  you  have  provided  criminal 
normal  schools.  Every  man  is  being  made  a  teacher, 
and  when  he  comes  out  he  does  not  have  to  wait  for  bonds 
to  be  voted  to  erect  a  school  house ;  he  teaches  on  the 


curbstone,  in  the  groggery,  along  the  wharves,  and  in  the 
dark  and  noisome  alley.  No  need,  either,  for  a  com- 
pulsory law  to  provide  him  with  pupils.  The  boys  crowd 
around  him,  and  with  eyes,  mouths  and  ears  open,  they 
will  listen  intently  to  this  hero  as  long  as  he  will  deign  to 
instruct  them. 

California  has  sent  out  from  her  prison  doors  sixteen 
thousand  penitentiary  normal  school  teachers,  and  is  now 
issuing  diplomas  at  the  rate  of  seven  hundred  annually. 
This  is  the  way  the  State  is  not  doing  its  duty  to  its  un- 
fortunate children.  Again,  humanity  calls :  Are  you 
Americans  ?  Ari?e,  throw  off  the  shackles  of  precedent 
and  place  upon  your  brother  the  amulet  of  hope.  Make 
your  penal  system  reformatory  from  the  time  the  young 
man  is  arrested  until  he  is  reformed,  and  if  he  cannot  be 
reformed — all  might  be  reformed  ;  but  if  he  were  not  re- 
formed, isolate  him  for  life.  Do  not  turn  him  loose  to 
debauch  our  little  children. 

Who  will  inaugurate  these  changes?  Not  the  wardens 
of  our  penitentiaries.  Read  their  reports  and  you  will 
learn  that  they  have  steadily  advocated  steps  in  the  direc- 
tion indicated.  Were  they  to  step  forward  without  your 
orders  they  would  lose  their  positions  inside  of  a  month, 
and  probably  be  replaced  by  incapable  men.  No,  this 
reformation  must  originate  with  you,  the  people  of  Cali- 
fornia, not  with  your  employees. 

The  result  of  the  inefficiency  of  our  educational  sys- 
tem, and  the  satanic  efficiency  of  our  penal  system,  is  that 
many  thousands  of  idle  children  and  young  men  are  wan- 
dering through  the  slums  of  our  cities  and  tramping  from 
one  end  of  our  State  to  the  other.  What  is  the  State's 
duty  to  its  unfortunate  children?  When  the  State  has 
within  its  boundaries  a  child  whose  environments  are 
wholly  vicious,  or  who  is  beyond  parental  control,  who 
has  no  parents,  or  who  is  worse  than  orphaned,  then  the 
State  should  step  up  to  that  child,  place  a  loving  hand 
upon  his  shoulder,  and  say,  "  Here,  my  boy,  this  is  all 
wrong;  come  with  me  and  I  will  be  your  parent."  Then 
whose  child  is  that?  It  is  the  State's  child.  Who  is  the 
State?  You  are  the  State,  I  am  the  State,  we  are  the 


Slate.  Then  this  unfortunate  child  becomes  your  child 
and  my  child — our  child — and  should  no  longer  be  an  un- 
fortunate child.  Then  the  State  should  take  this  here- 
tofore unfortunate  child  to  a  comfortable  home. 

How  would  you  dress  this  child?  Remember  he  is 
your  child.  Dress  him  healthfully,  dress  him  so  as  to  de- 
velop his  self-respect.  Dress  him  so  that  he  will  not 
hang  his  head.  Dress  him  so  that  when  people  see  him 
they  will  not  say  "  Poor  child."  Pity  and  charity  are  the 
two  most  abominable  words  in  the  English  language. 
They  imply  condescension  and  patronage.  To  be  the  ob- 
ject of  the  world's  pity  and  charity  is  to  be  pauperized 
and  sunk  in  ignominy.  He  was  a  wise  man  who  said  cen- 
turies ago :  "  I  can  defend  myself  from  the  abuse,  kick?, 
frowns  and  scoffs  of  the  world,  but  only  God  in  his  in- 
finite mercy  can  protect  me  from  its  pity."  It  is  said  that 
flowers  only  flourish  in  the  garden  of  one  who  loves  them, 
and  you  may  rest  assured  that  this  child  which  you — the 
State — have  adopted  will  never  develop  into  sturdy,  hon- 
orable manhood,  unless  your  actions  towards  him  speak 
of  love  and  duty,  not  pity  and  charity. 

What  food  would  you  give  this  boy  ?  What  food  would 
you  give  your  own  boy?  Come  to  think  of  it  this  is  your 
own  boy.  As  this  is  our  boy,  we  will  give  him  what  is 
most  conducive  to  health  and  happiness,  and  plenty  of  it- 
Yes,  says  the  voice  of  one  who  hangs  back,  but  do  you 
remember  that  he  was  a  bad  boy.  I  am  sorry  to  say 
that  I  do  remember  that  he  was  a  bad  boy,  but  I  am  try- 
ing to  forget  it,  and  I  want  the  boy  to  forget  it  too  just 
as  quickly  as  possible. 

As  to  the  school.  We  shall  only  send  him  to  school 
three  hours  daily,  and  we  must  have  women  for  teachers. 
One  pure-minded,  noble  woman,  can  manage  one  hundred 
boys  with  a  smile  far  better  than  a  policeman  can  control 
one  boy  with  a  club.  What  the  State  desires  is  to  make 
this  boy  honorably  self-supporting  as  quickly  as  possible. 
After  this  boy  has  had  a  bath,  put  on  a  good  suit  of  cloth- 
ing, eaten  a  square  meal,  we  shall  have  a  talk  with  him — 
or  we  want  him  to  work.  Here  are  these  various  trades 


10 

and  avocations.  This  boy  may  say  he  wants  to  be  a  cook, 
an  orchardist,  a  carpenter,  an  electrician,  a  baker  or  a 
printer.  He  will  want  to  do  something,  sure. 

There  are  no  lazy  boys — there  are  simply  misplaced 
boys.  You  were  apparently  a  lazy  boy  when  you  were 
hoeing  potatoes.  Your  mind  was  in  the  clouds,  and  when 
your  time  came  that  you  could  follow  your  natural  incli- 
nations you  worked  with  enthusiasm  and  success.  It  is 
our  business  to  give  this  boy  an  opportunity  to  develop  to 
their  best  the  faculties  for  special  work  with  which  Almighty 
God  has  endowed  him.  You  will  find  that  the  boy  is  in 
closer  communion  with  his  Creator  on  this  point  than  you 
are,  and  nine  times  out  of  ten  his  choice  of  a  trade  is 
correct. 

Here  we  have  the  State's  boy  provided  f  >r  intellectually, 
physically  and  industrially,  but  we  have  forgotten  to  at- 
tend to  him  spiritually.  No,  that  is  not  forgotten.  Send 
him  to  church  the  same  as  any  other  boy ;  but  remember 
that  he  must  have  the  boys'  Sunday,  not  the  Puritan's 
Sunday.  I  would  rather  this  boy  of  ours  would  even  play 
ball  on  Sunday  than  that  he  should  reach  the  point  where 
he  would  wish  Sunday  would  never  come. 

Now,  one  thing  more.  We  must  take  this  boy  of  ours 
and  tell  him  the  story  of  his  country.  Let  us  point  to 
that  starry  flag  and  tell  him  how  it  has  often  been  bap- 
tized in  blood,  but  has  ever  been  victoriously  planted 
upon  the  ramparts  of  the  enemy.  How  the  greatest 
patriots  and  heroes  the  world  has  ever  known  have  been 
its  defenders ;  we  shall  tell  him  that  other  nations  must 
keep  great  standing  armies,  but  the  standing  army  of  this 
nation  is  composed  of  the  young  men  who  are  in  our  col- 
leges, our  workshops,  our  counting  houses,  and  our  fields, 
ever  ready  to  spring  to  arms  to  defend  that  flag  from  the 
invader  from  without  or  the  traitor  from  within. 

Then  we  will  have  this  boy  of  ours,  this  California  boy, 
this  American  boy,  instructed  in  military  tactics,  and  as 
this  boy  marches  to  the  music  of  the  fife  and  drum,  with 
*'  old  glory"  floating  over  him,  his  heart  will  swell  with 
pride,  his  soul  will  expand  with  love  of  country,  and  he 
will  become  indeed  an  American  patriot. 


11 

Do  you  believe  that  there  are  children  born,  doomed 
and  foreordained  to  be  criminals?  Have  you  ever  for  a 
single  moment  entertained  any  horrible  theory  like  that  ? 
No,  no,  a  thousand  times  no. 

Do  not  look  upon  the  ten  thousand  unfortunate  children 
in  California  as  a  great,  seething  mass  of  corruption,  for- 
saken by  man  and  abhorred  by  their  Creator;  but  re- 
member that  this  appalling  mass  is  composed  of  ten 
thousand  individuals.  Remember,  also,  that  into  each 
individual  child  Almighty  God  has  breathed  a  living  soul. 

A  few  weeks  ago  I  was  sitting  in  a  lobby  of  a  hotel  in 
San  Francisco.  A  bright,  hearty,  comfortably- dressed 
young  man  came  up  to  me,  like  he  was  coming  up  to  an 
old  friend — which  he  was.  Two  years  and  three  months 
before  that  boy  was  sent  to  the  Whittier  State  School  as 
one  of  the  worst,  most  depraved,  and  most  hopeless  boys 
that  San  Francisco  had  ever  known.  After  eighteen 
months  he  was  returned  to  San  Francisco,  and  I  learned 
from  other  sources  that  he  was  doing  well  and  had  been 
working  steadily.  This  evening  he  told  me  of  his  family. 
He  said,  "  There's  me,  my  brother,  two  sisters,  and 
mother — she  drinks.  Me  and  my  brother  chips  in  and 
pays  forty  dollars  a  month  to  send  our  sisters  to  a  convent 
boarding  school.  Brother  and  me,  we  thought  it  would 
be  nice  if  we  could  have  a  little  home,  and  have  our  sisters 
and  mother  all  together.  We  went  down  where  mother 
was  and  told  her  that  if  she  would  quit  drinking  we  would 
rent  a  cottage  and  pay  the  expenses  and  she  could  keep 
house  for  us.  Mother  said,  by  all  that  was  holy,  she 
would  never  let  another  drop  pass  her  lip?,  and  was  awful 
glad  we  were  to  get  a  house.  We  went  away  and  then 
thought  we  had  better  go  back  again  and  see' whet  her 
mother  really  meant  what  she  said.  Two  nights  later  we 
kinder  sneaked  back  to  where  she  was,  and,  do  you  be- 
lieve it,  there  mother  lay  dead  drunk.  I  tell  you,  doctor, 
there  ain't  no  use  tryin'."  Poor  boy,  he  had  no  idea  he 
was  a  hero.  Sunk  to  the  lowest  depths  himself — then 
with  eighteen  months  help  from  the  State — he  goes  back, 
and  tries  to  lend  a  helping  hand  to  his  poor,  degraded 
mother. 


12 

Friends,  the  divine  spark  is  in  erch  one  of  those  chil- 
dren. Let  us  then  arise,  reach  forth,  and  with  loving 
hands  fan  that  spark  into  a  flame  that  will  so  illumine  that 
poor,  abused,  shivering  l>ody,  that  it  will  become  a  beacon 
light  of  hope  to  children  yet  unborn. 


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